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The Iranian languages or Iranic languages〔Toward a Typology of European Languages edited by Johannes Bechert, Giuliano Bernini, Claude Buridant〕〔Persian Grammar: History and State of its Study by Gernot L. Windfuhr 〕 form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian. As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. ''Ethnologue'' estimates there are 86 Iranian languages,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ethnologue report for Iranian )〕 the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi. ==Term== The term ''Iranian'' is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. ''Iranian'' derives from the Persian equivalent of the Sanskrit origin word ''Aryan''. The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen.〔Lassen, Christian. 1936. Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis. Entzifferung des Alphabets und Erklärung des Inhalts. Bonn: Weber. S. 182. This was followed by Wilhelm Geiger in his ''Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie'' (1895). Friedrich von Spiegel (1859), ''Avesta'', Engelmann (p. vii) used the spelling ''Eranian''.〕 Robert Needham Cust used the term ''Irano-Aryan'' in 1878,〔Cust, Robert Needham. 1878. ''A sketch of the modern languages of the East Indies.'' London: Trübner.〕 and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted ''Irano-Aryan'' (Iranian) and ''Indo-Aryan'' (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.〔Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1989. ''History of northern areas of Pakistan.'' Historical studies (Pakistan) series. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. "We distinguish between the Aryan languages of Iran, or Irano-Aryan, and the Aryan languages of India, or Indo-Aryan. For the sake of brevity, Iranian is commonly used instead of Irano-Aryan".〕〔Lazard, Gilbert. 1977. ''Preface'' in: Oranskij, Iosif M. ''Les langues iraniennes.'' Traduit par Joyce Blau.〕〔Schmitt, Rüdiger. 1994. ''Sprachzeugnisse alt- und mitteliranischer Sprachen in Afghanistan'' in: ''Indogermanica et Caucasica. Festschrift für Karl Horst Schmidt zum 65. Geburtstag.'' Bielmeier, Robert und Reinhard Stempel (Hrg.). De Gruyter. S. 168–196.〕〔Lazard, Gilbert. 1998. Actancy. Empirical approaches to language typology. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015670-9, ISBN 978-3-11-015670-6〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iranian languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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